Labor, Health and Gender: a study with health care professionals in long-term institutions for the elderly in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Introduction
Caregivers of seniors have had a very significant role in society. The aging population could be statistically confirmed in recent demographic census. Thus, more and more families have used the professional support of caregivers for the elderly. The aim of this study is to verify the work process of caregivers and their effects on the health of workers in long-term institutions for elderly individuals.

Methods
A qualitative and quantitative method was used to achieve the research objectives. The data collected in the interviews were as follows: professional trajectory, professional qualification and training, socioeconomic situation, working conditions, and the physical and mental health conditions of caregivers for the elderly. Interviews were conducted with three caregivers of elderly individuals staying in long-term institutions. Among these institutions, two were private and served middle- to upper-class individuals, and one was a long-term institution for the elderly that served those who were poor and needy.

Results
Work overload and double shifts were observed. The need to reconcile unpaid housework (child care, care for elderly family members, care for the husband, care for the sick, and domestic tasks) and professional work, lack of social support have accounted for the state of stress, exhaustion, and physical and mental suffering of many caregivers. Poor working conditions contribute to the onset of diseases such as lumbago, fibromyalgia and depression in caregivers. Caregivers’ physical and mental health negatively affects their relationship with the elderly and their family members and co-workers.

Discussion
The majority of caregivers are females. The gender issue is observed in care work. Younger caregivers have a nursing qualification, especially in long-term institutions, whereas older caregivers have limited education and qualification. Caregivers complain about the lack of perspective in this profession. It is necessary to develop public policies for the professional qualification of caregivers and social policies for elderly care.