Chemical Hazard Communication Comprehensibility in South Africa: Safety Implications for the adoption of the GHS

Introduction
Chemical hazard communication is a key strategy to prevent illness and disability from exposures to potentially hazardous chemicals. The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) was developed to strengthen national capacities for safe management of chemicals. This study aimed to evaluate the comprehensibility of chemical hazard communication elements contained in the GHS.

Methods
A cross-sectional descriptive study of consumers and employees in industry, transport and agriculture was conducted in two provinces of South Africa in 2003. The survey tool was adapted from an original instrument developed for the ILO and explored comprehension of symbols, signal words, colour, hazard statements and pictograms, as well as the impact of past training.

Results
Less than half of respondents reported any training in their current jobs in health and safety, and only 34% on labels. Agricultural workers were less likely to have received any training. Generally, comprehension of hazard communication labels and safety data sheets (SDSs) was low. Symbols such as the skull and crossbones (98%) and the flammable (93%) symbol were relatively well understood (either correct or partly correct responses), but the majority of hazard symbols were of moderate to poor comprehensibility (less than 75% correct or partly correct responses). Significant levels of critical confusions (5% or more) occurred with symbols for corrosive and compressed gas. Co-workers and supervisors were identified as important sources of information.

Discussion
If the GHS is to provide a safety framework, there has to be investment in GHS training that emphasizes comprehensibility. There should be a focus on those items causing critical confusion and peer trainers should be used. The GHS should be promoted through media to reach consumers. If the GHS fails to address problems of comprehensibility, it will only succeed in facilitating trade in chemicals without ensuing adequate safety.